Quote of the Day
The final test of a leader is that he leaves behind him in other men, the conviction and the will to carry on.
— Walter Lippmann. Every good manager plans for succession.
Introduction
I usually use 92-5/8" studs when I am building standard 8' tall walls – they sit sit in piles at my nearby lumber yards next to piles of 8' long studs. I recently saw (example) that there are three pre-cut sizes available:
- 92-5/8" : used for 8' ceiling heights
- 104-5/8" : used for 9' ceiling heights
- 116-5/8": used for 10' ceiling heights
In this post, I thought I would take a look at these pre-cut sizes to (1) learn why these values are used, and (2) to decide if any of them would be appropriate for my building activities.
I recently saw one well-known carpenter make a plea for a 94-1/8" long studs. I will also examine this length to see why it may make sense in some circumstances.
Figure 1 shows how a typical wall is framed. Standard building practice today is to use 2–2"x4"s for the top plate and a single 2"x4" for the lower plate. Green building practices are now being introduced that use a single 2"x4" for the top plate and single 2"x4" for the bottom plate. I will show how building practices dictate the particular pre-cut length.
Background
Definitions
- Stud
- Stud is shortening of the term "wall stud", which is a vertical framing member in a building's wall of smaller cross section than a post. They are a fundamental element in building framing (Source).
- In North America, studs are usually specified by their nominal width and thickness (e.g. 2"x4", 2"x6"). The actual dimensions differ from the nominal dimensions (e.g. 1.5"x3.5",1.5"x5.5"). It is a weird way of specifying dimensions, but that is what we do.
- Plate
- Plate is a shortening of the term "wall plate". A wall plate is a horizontal, structural, load-bearing member in wooden building framing (Source).
- Pre-Cut Length
- Historically, wall studs were available standard lengths given in an integral number of feet (e.g. 8', 9', 10'). Similarly, home ceiling heights are often given in even number of feet (e.g. 8', 9', 10'). Because the ceiling height is determined by the combined height of studs and plates, achieving a specific ceiling height (e.g. 8') means cutting every standard length stud on site.
- Rather than cut each stud on site, it is more efficient to simple purchase the studs pre-cut (i.e. cut at the factory) to the proper length for a ceiling height that is an integral number of feet.
- Subfloor
- A rough floor laid on floor joists and serving as a base for the finish floor. It is usually made of plywood and/or particle board.
- Strapping
- In construction, strapping consists of thin strips of wood or other material used to level or raise surfaces of another material such as to prevent dampness, to make space for insulation, or to level and resurface ceilings or walls (Source).
- green building
- Green building refers to both a structure and the using of processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition (Source).
Optional Strapping Use
My current house has wallboard that is secured directly to the ceiling joists. When the ceiling is lit from the side, it is obvious that the wallboard is not flat because I can see light and dark area on the ceiling – shadows caused by the sagging of the wallboard between the studs. I do not like that look, which makes me very interested in doing everything I can to ensure that my ceiling is flat.
One common way to ensure that your ceiling is flat is to attach 1"x3" (actual dimensions: 0.75"x2.5") strapping to the ceiling joists. This approach allows you to reduce the distance between fasteners on the ceiling and make the sagging imperceptibly small. Figure 2 shows an example of ceiling joists covered with strapping.
Ceiling Height Options
While the most common ceiling height in North America is nominally 8', you will occasionally see ceiling heights of 9' and 10'. Because there are three commonly used ceiling heights, I see three pre-cut lengths.
Fun Wallboard Facts
- In my region, ceiling wallboard needs to be 5/8" thick because it has a fire rating.
- Wall board is available in widths of 48" and 54".
48" and 54" wallboard works perfectly for 8' tall and 9' tall ceilings, respectively. I have not seen a consensus on the best way to place wallboard on a 10' ceiling. Most of the pros I have seen use horizontally placed standard width wallboard panels plus a partial piece placed near the floor.
- Small gaps along the floor are easily hidden with molding and make installation easier.
Standard practice allows a 1/4" to 1/2" gap between the bottom wallboard edge and the floor. This gap allows you to place wallboard without any need to force a piece into place.
Analysis
Objective
I want to summarize my research on the stud lengths and wallboard widths I need as a function of ceiling height and building practice (i.e. standard or green). For those who like to deal with the raw spreadsheet, you can download it here.
8' Ceilings
The most common ceiling height in North America is 8', and Figure 3 shows how a wall for this ceiling height would be framed. The actual height of an 8' ceiling is 8' 1/2" = 97.125"-0.625", measured from the subfloor. Since the finished floor height is ~0.5" thick, the final height is ~8'.
Figure 3(a): 8' Wall/Wallboard Height (No Strapping). | Figure 3(b): 8' Wall/Wallboard Height (With Strapping). |
9' Ceilings
Another common ceiling height in North America is 9', and Figure 4 shows how a wall for this ceiling height would be framed. The actual height of a 9' ceiling is 9' 1/2" = 109.125"-0.625", measured from the subfloor. Since the finished floor height is ~0.5" thick, the final height is ~9'.
Figure 4(a): 9' Wall/Wallboard Height (No Strapping). | Figure 4(b): 9' Wall/Wallboard Height (With Strapping). |
10' Ceilings
Occasionally, you see a ceiling height in North America of 10', and Figure 4 shows how a wall for this ceiling height would be framed. The actual height of an 10' ceiling is 10' 1/2" = 121.125"-0.625", measured from the subfloor. Since the finished floor height is ~0.5" thick, the final height is ~10'.
Figure 5(a): 10' Wall/Wallboard Height (No Strapping). | Figure 5(b): 10' Wall/Wallboard Height (With Strapping). |
An 8' Green Building Example
I read a Q&A column that mentioned the use of green building practices (e.g. one 2"x4" for the top plate) will require a modification of the pre-cut stud lengths. Specifically, the post mentioned a pre-cut stud length 94 1/8" for an 8' ceiling. Figure 6 shows that he is correct.
Figure 6: 8' Wall/Wallboard Height Using Green Building Practices (No Strapping). |
Conclusion
While this post only contains simple bookkeeping math, it shows how buying pre-cut lengths can save you the time and expense of having to trim every stud used when building a house.
Figure 5(b) appears to have the wrong link, or has an error. It looks closer to the height of a strapped 8' ceiling..
You are correct. Wrong link. I will fix it when I get home tonight. Thanks, Chad.
mark
Thanks!
i want to have 14 ft. ceiling height in my gargage for car lift. with no storage room above. What size 2x4 can be used?
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This is old, but it may come up again.... Shop lifts are sized for 12' ceilings, which is your standard commercial ceiling height. There is no benefit to higher ceilings, as that is as high as the stop bar on the lift allows. The only exception (that likely does not apply here) is using a baseplate lift, which has an open top, and lifting tall vehicles such as full size vans. As far as building up that high, you would need an architect or engineer to tell you the spacing needed on studs, that height is asking a lot of a 2x4.
I live in a ranch house built in 1952, during the post-WWII "baby boom", and the standard ceiling height for these houses is 7'6", or 90" between the finished floor and finished ceiling. The finished floor is 3/4" thick tongue and groove red oak hardwood throughout (bathroom and kitchen excepted). The entire house uses two (2) layers of 1/2" thick material covering the walls and ceilings, but it's not standard drywall or "blueboard", but some concrete-like material that I can't identify. The inner layer is 2'x4' sheets, with a foil facing against the studs, and the outer layer appears to be one piece, either 4'x8' sheets, or troweled on like plaster, but much harder, again, like concrete. There appears to be only a single top plate, as this is a partition wall, not a bearing wall. BTW, all of the bearing walls are 2"x4" studs, but the partition walls are only 2"x3" (the entire bathroom and the wall between the "master bedroom" and back bedroom are the only partition walls). So, allowing for the strapping on the ceiling, how long must my studs be? This the corrected version, the damn auto-correct is messing with my prose again!